The Social Responsibility of Business Friedman vs Drucker Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Casuistry is a 17th century concept according to which what is ethical for a ruler is different from what is ethical for the individual since the ruler is "someone whose actions have impact on other". As such, a ruler must put social responsibility ahead of individual conscience. Drucker denounces casuistry because it "considers social responsibility to be an ethical absolute" and because it makes ethics a political objective of businesses and business executives. Drucker further gives examples to demonstrate how casuistry is not compatible with what is considered ethical. Next Drucker looks at business ethics as Ethics of Prudence. According to this approach, every person in a corporation has some degree of leadership and a leader must never act in a way that his actions need to be explained to others. Although Drucker feels that Ethics of Prudence has the potential of becoming practice in public relations, he feels that it is appropriate in a "society of organizations". Drucker de fines a "society of organization" as one in which a large number of individuals are in important positions of power. However, this power is not conferred by birth but is result of their position and so they have a responsibility to take right actions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Social Responsibility of Business: Friedman vs Drucker or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now According to him, Ethics of Prudence is not business ethics because it lays down the same ethical principle for everyone and is based on authority while business ethics rejects any authority. Finally, Drucker approaches ethics as the Confucian ethics of interdependence. According to this approach, every individual is interdependent on another individual and his or her actions should be such that they lead to mutual benefits for both parties. In conclusion, Drucker contends that ethics should be concerned with interdependence and must be about ethics of prudence and the term business ethics is not clearly able to define such a universal ethical behavior. Neither Friedman nor Drucker are essentially against being ethical or socially responsible. As Friedman says, a business executive's responsibility is to "engage in open and free competition without deception and fraud". Drucker also advocates behavior that is appropriate and one would respect in oth ers. However, they both object to the use of the terms "social responsibility" and "business ethics". Friedman claims that it is alright for businesses to engage in activities that may directly or indirectly benefit the society, as long as its end result is to maximize profits for the business.

Legal Studies Assess the effectiveness of the Criminal...

Assess the effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System in dealing with young offenders. There are a few common reasons for young people to be involved in crime. These include poor parental supervision, drug and alcohol abuse, neglect and abuse, homelessness, negative peer associations and difficulties in school and employment. The criminal justice system effectively deals with young offenders through unique techniques to address the challenges of dealing with juvenile offending. Even though young offenders commit a large percentage of crime, they also have the highest likelihood to be rehabilitated and change their lifestyles as they mature. There are several factors influencing crime by young offenders including psychological and†¦show more content†¦Doli Incapax however, doesn’t end once a young person reaches the age of 10. From the ages of 10-14 it is a common law presumption that a minor does not possess the necessary knowledge to have a criminal intention. This is known as a rebuttable presumption. This presumption lies in favour of the young perso n just as if they were under the age of 10, however, the other party can rebut it if they are able to show sufficient evidence to disprove this. This can be done a fair few ways. One of the ways to rebut Doli Incapax is by looking at the young persons criminal record. Previous offences that are linked to the present offence (e.g. robbery and assault) can be used to rebut Doli Incapax. Another way to rebut Doli Incapax is by interviewing the young person. This must be done so however, in the presence of an adult, if it not, the evidence may be inadmissible in court. The interview process will involve a police officer questioning the juvenile about their knowledge of the offence. If the juvenile admits they were aware that the offence was a criminal matter, Doli Incapax is rebutted. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CROC) supports this idea of the age of criminal responsibility and Australia has ratified legislations proposed referring to this idea. The Childre n (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987 (NSW) lays out the minimum age of criminal responsibility, although there are occasional debates within the public to reduce this age. Doli Incapax isShow MoreRelatedIncarceration: Prison and Inmates10532 Words   |  43 PagesINTRODUCTION Law enforcement officers are authorized by federal, state, and local lawmakers to arrest and confine persons suspected of crimes. The judicial system is authorized to confine persons convicted of crimes. This confinement, whether before or after a criminal conviction, is called incarceration. Incarceration is one of the main forms of punishment for the commission of illegal offenses. Juveniles and adults alike are subject to incarceration. 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Political Bias Based on Demographic Region Free Essays

â€Å"The biases the media has are bigger than conservative or liberal. They’re about getting ratings, about making money, about doing stories that are easy to cover. † This may seem like a trite saying but it holds an enormous amount of truth. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Bias Based on Demographic Region or any similar topic only for you Order Now As Americans, we trust what reporters write in the newspaper and say on television and radio stations. We expect them to report the truth. However, current media outlets distort stories and certain news reports are getting too much attention. The most important stories are never seen on television, or read in the newspaper, or heard on the radio stations, while minor and trivial stories get the most news coverage. Hence celebrity engagements, divorce, entrance in rehabilitation centers and DUI cases are sold to the media. American people are then left without valuable information contrary to what story is getting 24-hour news coverage. Media bias is a â€Å"term used to describe prejudice in news and media reports, in which it is perceived as an imbalance or unfair presentation of facts or selective reporting of which events or facts are reported. † The main point here is when biases in media distorts certain stories, and other stories are spoken about entirely too much, it hurts democracy in America. The media, in that case, fails to focus on real issues that underlie the American culture, it has one-sided opinions, favoring a liberal’s point of view, and it caters to the majority, favoring the wealthy. Media biases causes the America people to become misinformed or too well informed, often due to the tendency of the media covering unimportant stories about celebrities, while overlooking issues like war, poverty, disease, violence, and education. The media content and news coverage rarely display the underlying issues that the American people face. Rather, it only acknowledges news that may appeal to the audience â€Å"because of its dramatic or entertainment value. Senator Barack Obama recognizes the failure of the American media in updating America with real issues at Southern New Hampshire University Commencement: â€Å"We see it in a media culture that sensationalizes the trivial and trivializes the profound – in a 24-hour news network bonanza that never fails to keep us posted on how many days Paris Hilton will spend in jail but often fails to update us on the continuing genocide in Darfur or the recovery effort in New Orleans or the poverty that lagues too many Americ an streets† The media bonanza on Paris Hilton’s 14 day jail sentence was among one of most overplayed (unimportant) stories recently because TV news ran hundreds of hours of news coverage, while only showing 60-second sound bites of yet another death of an American soldier in combat in Iraq. Paris Hilton, a hotel heiress and the star in the media spotlight, was sentenced to a 14 day jail sentence at Century Regional Detention Centre in Lynwood, California on a traffic violation. The news media made the story seem so valuable and significant to report for so many hours. Some reporters believed that she deserved to be placed in jail because too many celebrities don’t receive the justifiable punishment they deserve like ordinary citizen because they are wealthy. Others believed that her jail sentence was too cruel just for a DUI charge, it was unfair and that she became the victim because of her prestige and as a famous figure in America. While Fox News, MSNBC, CNN, and ABC were breaking in the entertainment news, debating whether her punishment was too cruel or justifiable, they failed to inform the American people about. When Hurricane Katrina unfolded in New Orleans, the media placed a lot of dramatic biases on the issue and missed the underlying point, misinforming the public. On August 23, 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck down in New Orleans becoming one of the most devastating natural disasters to hit the United States. The media unfolded the events that those most effected in the black community, remained in New Orleans looting stores in search of food and water that weren’t available by any other means. On the other hand of the issue, white Americans were â€Å"wading through chest-deep waters finding soda and bread floating in the water from a grocery store†. But while Paris Hilton was hogging the headlines the media failed to report that during that week the Washington Post reported â€Å"that about $854 million offered by allied countries worldwide after Hurricane Katrina. To date, the Post reports, only $40 million in foreign aid has been funneled to the Gulf Coast. The story goes this way: Apparently the Bush administration was stymied on what to do when offered this aid, since the U. S. is not usually in a position to need or accept such assistance. How, and from whom the $40 million was accepted is unclear, but what is eminently clear is that $800 million could have put the rebuilding of the Gulf Coast into fast forward mode). † This goes to show that the media is filled with close-mindedness in which entertainment news surpasses â€Å"hard news every time. †5 Instead of bringing American people together to work in effort to make children lives better, the economy better, the living welfare of families better, the medi a devours our interest to support a difference by resembling soap operas and commercial television shows. Dateline is the same as ER or Friends. They all have to compete for prime time audiences. CBS and 48 Hours is the same as Everybody Loves Raymond. Notice how importance never enters into the equation. Notice how there isn’t even a pretense to public interest. TV †news† has become celebrity trials and runaway brides, and sex — while foreign bureaus are closing and news budgets are shrinking and we become a people ever more thoroughly entertained than informed, even as we live through the most dangerous and portentous days in recent history. The media also has the tendency to uphold one-sided opinions, favoring liberals, whereas the mainstream media holds liberal biases. Liberals in a political sense relate to ideas and theories of government in which they advocate individual liberty, for example, race, abortion, affirmative action, homelessness, and gay rights. They use liberal principles and ideas that influence their news coverage and or selection of stories. Liberal biases undermine the American value. In the controversial book, â€Å"Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distorts the News,† Bernard Goldberg said â€Å"journalist doesn’t see their views as liberal but merely reasonable and civilized. † In contrast, the media, for the most part, is helpful in feeding the mass with stories that reflect America. In fact, America has never been provided with a broad arrangement and providers of news. However, government cannot solve the problems of media bias because part of the media bias is in part of political [government] decadence. The government embraces liberal views! The media only identifies problems for the government to solve, such as poverty, disease, and violence. To solve the problem of media bias, educational groups are needed to educate people about wanting to understand the truth and demand a balance in media coverage through advocacy and petitioning. How to cite Political Bias Based on Demographic Region, Papers

Conclusion For Renaissance Essay Example For Students

Conclusion For Renaissance Essay Renaissance 14th-17th Century -means revival, also, rebirth revival of interest in ancient Greek, Roman culture, humanist scholars attempted to rid feudal Europe of Church domination and conservatism -old sciences revived, new science emerged -national languages and cultures took shape, free from Roman Church authorityart and literature flourished -began in Florence Italy, spread to all of Europe Due to its geographic position, foreign trade and commerce developed in Italy. accumulation of wealth Rise of Humanism As wealth accumulated in Italy, an increased interest in other things. Nun, academies, libraries, study. Time and money for things of beauty. Intellectuals freed from training of priests and spreading Christian faith, began to represent the views of the bourgeoisie, providing middle class with new philosophies and ideas . hearted humanist philosophy The greatness of man. See page 131, Shakespeare quotation promotion of wealth, pleasure, admiration for human body medieval brooding about death and other world replaced by interest in living for resent and future progress of mankind. Literature Vocation Decadence-tale of 7 women and 3 men on way to escape Black Death. Witty, naughty, praise of true love, wisdom. Began to express the voices of modern society. Considered greatest prose achievement in medieval literature. Patriarch- Canisters book of lyrical songs. His works expressed true emotions. Art A break with medieval tradition at end of 13th c. Slowed up by Black Death. Revived Early 1 5th century, a decided break with medieval tradition. -art broke away from Church domination artists, considered craftsman by church, became distinct class like writers and poetsthose considered to do noble work. themes once focused on Bible, now reflected an interest/appreciation for all aspects of man and nature. Reflected reality in depictionmuscles, sinews, and so on . Artists studied ruins of ancient roman and Greek temples, putting many of the perceived principles of ancient civilization into their works. Also, individual collectors began to support themrather than Church exclusively. introduced into the works, scientific theories and principles of anatomy and proportion. Ghetto-?more realistic depiction of space Donatedsculptor, sought to intro. Ancient principles into his work, also engaged in anatomy for knowledge of body. David, a biblical hero in perfect proportions. High Renaissance Leonardo dad Vinci Renaissance man Scientist, architect, engineer, sculptor. Mona Lisa, Last Supper 2 of the most famous paintings in world. Scientist, architect, engineer, sculptor. Michelangelo sculptor, painter, architect, poet went beyond decoration and realism, sought freedom of expression. David, Sistine Chapel Raphael Sweetness of temper, harmony, balance Series of Madonna paintings, School of Athensdepicting Plato and Aristotle arguing, surrounded by audience in variety of postures. Titian Great colorist, became a model for the later modern mode of painting. Also established oil paint on canvas as the typical medium in western art Reclining Nude, Sacred and profane love.

Legal Prostitution Vs. Illegal Prostitution Essays - Sex Industry

Legal Prostitution Vs. Illegal Prostitution Johnny Johnson Logic Legal Prostitution vs. Illegal Prostitution Johnny Johnson It is rather odd to think of how the oldest profession is being found as something of a harmful nature, which must be illegal. But legal prostitution is seen by a rather large number of individuals to have a negative effect on today's society. These are the people who are forcing women into illegal prostitution, which is far more destructive, due to many factors. In the following paragraphs, I am going to compare and contrast legal and illegal prostitution, in hope of sharing the possible benefits of legal prostitution. It is important I first discuss the negative effects of illegal prostitution to help the viewer have a better perspective of how legal prostitution can actually have a positive impact on society. Illegal prostitution is a common occurrence in most big cities. The major problem with non-legal prostitution is where it usually occurs. Prostitution is often found in the slums of big cities, where many of the young women feel forced into the profession because of hard economic conditions. A large percentage of the women are sadly hooked on drugs and end up trading sex to get high. If the poverty and the drug life are not bad enough, the women also get to look forward to their pimp, who will abuse them if they don't return with a suffice amount of money. The knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases is of extreme importance when it comes to such a topic. The sexual activities taking place in these areas are not regulated and although a good number of the women carry condoms, they are by no means protected. Many of the ladies will except extra money to allow the customers to have sex condom free. Rape is a harsh and brutal act, which is a common occurrence in street prostitution, where the women have no protection from either the man or the diseases he might be carrying. The women are also a danger to the men by carrying diseases they have possibly picked up from prior customers. Prostitutes get arrested quite often, but are let out to be an illegal prostitute for another day. Illegal prostitution is a major problem needing some sort of remedy. It is time to discuss the reasoning behind why legal prostitution is the needed remedy to this particular problem. Legal prostitution is being practiced in many other countries as well as a small area of our own country. In Nevada there are places set up to provide legally solicited sex, which are known as brothels. Brothels are the major difference between illegal and legal prostitution. Brothels handle prostitution in a business-like manner. The women are the merchandise brothels have to offer. Like any other type of business the merchandise is protected. Bodyguards are hired to watch over the women and react if any problems take place. The women also have better protection through strict enforcement of condom use and the ladies are tested for venereal diseases as well. As far as drug problems go, brothels do not provide the same kind environment where sex can be traded for drugs. Not to say all the women in legal prostitution are drug free, but it is far less of a problem. The ladies happen to have better living conditions than a streetwalker does. They make actual lives aside from the profession they take part in. These women, for the most part, live in nice homes and lead healthy lives. They have been given a chance to make enough money to pull themselves out of their poverty stricken neighborhoods. It must be kept in mind, most of the women do not want to be prostitutes, but feel they are forced into it because of their poor economic conditions. It is important to touch on the whole idea of how this affects today's society. Numerous amounts of people believe legal prostitution is wrong, but they might not understand how their belief is forcing women into illegal prostitution. In San Francisco, illegal prostitution is a major problem for the authorities. Many of the officers believe there should be a legal form of prostitution. Their reasoning behind this belief is that the women will be in a safer environment where there is far less drug problems and the police will not have the constant burden of arresting females who are going to continue to do what they are doing, regardless of police actions. Sexually transmitted diseases are a major concern for the women as well

Leadership of Forest Gump essays

Leadership of Forest Gump essays Throughout the movie Forest Gump, the character Forest Gump demonstrates many of the necessary qualities of a successful leader. As he grows from a boy to a man, his home life aids in the development of his leadership characteristics. The most influential being in his life was his mother, who taught him lessons about how to be a great person. These lessons are the basis of his success in both his leadership in the military and his life. Forest had a very rough childhood. He was born crippled and was harassed because of it in school. This gave him a motive to do the impossible break through his braces and not just walk without them, but also run. Forest broke through his braces and ran as fast as he could to escape being hurt by bullies. Forest, the once crippled boy, was outrunning these tough bullies. In my opinion, this boosted Forests confidence and let him believe in himself. This was the beginning of Forests leadership abilities because one cannot have confidence in people they lead if the cannot have confidence in themselves. When Forest joined the military, he was told what to do. Without fail, he promptly followed out his orders. However, Forest wasnt the smartest man and he often would wind up doing his platoons dirty work. He would be asked to check holes for mines and other dangerous duties like that. He would not know that he was doing anything dangerous because he felt as if his leader, Lieutenant Dan, would never put him in a dangerous situation intentionally. This came in handy for Forest when he was put in a dangerous situation unintentionally. When attacked, Forest was the only one unable to outrun the bombs and such that were injuring his peers. When Forest realized that people were hurt, without hesitation, he ran back to save them. This can be attributed to the life lessons that he was taught by his mother. However, Forest, becaus ...

Building an Environmentally Sustainable Home Research Paper - 1

Building an Environmentally Sustainable Home - Research Paper Example While putting in place windows, it is vital to ensure that they are better insulated and sealed. Multipane windows insulated with gas; for instance, argon, inside the spaces in between them can help prevent heat loss. The glass used on these windows is sometimes glazed to regulate the amount of solar energy coming into the house. This reduces glare and builds on windows’ solar heat gain coefficient that is the ability of the window to prevent sunlight from increasing indoor temperatures. The efficiency of a window increases with a decrease in the value of its solar heat gain coefficient. Combining the technologies of multipane and glazing boosts the ability of windows to insulate a house. If one cannot afford these technologies, they can opt for non-metallic window frames (Maczulak 38). Sometimes, a house can heat up too much during sunny seasons. In such a case, it is essential to install reflective insulation.   Comprehensive insulation combines both reflective insulation and thermal insulation. People use a lot of energy in tending their home yards. People commonly use lawn mowers powered by fossil fuels or string trimmers but this emits harmful gases to the environment. Green lawns and gardens are grown using fertilizers that have chemicals that can find their way into groundwater and contaminate it. This can by extension contaminates drinking water. Poor drainage of rain runoff can degenerate into floods and burst sewers. Native plants make eco-friendly lawns that are way better than grass seeds that are bagged. Landscaping should seek to save on space with native wildflowers. Native wildflowers do not require a lot of fertilizers to grow, and one gets to cut on the harmful chemicals released into the surroundings. They also save groundwater from pollution and reduce money needed to tend a lawn. Eco-friendly landscaping directs the planting of shade trees that help protect the house from too much solar energy especially sunny seasons (Wubben 37). It is crucial to check on how one manages water in and around the house. Some studies suggest that water heating consumes up to about a third of the total energy consumption in a house. Tankless water heating is a good way to cut on unnecessary energy use. It heats water as and when needed without keeping it in a chamber that is insulated. They are expensive to install, but they are very efficient in saving energy. Other ways to manage energy used in water heating include ensuring that the water heater used is proportional to the people living in the house (Brebbia 47).

Final Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Final Analysis - Assignment Example Oversight is an important aspect in data networks in that it ensures successful implementation of policies within the business. Specificity of policies means that each policy should deal with a particular action while implementation guidance refers to what and how the policy will be undertaken. For example, implementation guidance may require that encryption be 1000 bits long. Within the context of information technology, implementation refers to various processes that include acquiring hardware and software, installation of the computer programs, testing, configuration and making changes that are vital during the performance of a system. Standards are implementation guidance that must be followed by policy implementers during the utilization of particular technologies. One of the key aspects of standards is that they are compulsory and they aim at creating uniformity within an organization. On the other hand, guidelines refer to the methodologies of enhancing security within a system. Raymond and Julia (2011) argue that due to their flexibility, guidelines are used to develop standards within various information systems. Even though guidelines are essential in systems security, they are not compulsory but they should be given careful consideration. According to Raymond and Julia (2011) three types of oversight that ensure policies are successfully implemented are auditing, vulnerability analysis and log files. Vulnerability testing refers to the scanning of network systems to be certain that all the configurations are properly set and adequate security of the system. It is important for a policy to drive both implementation and oversight to ensure that the objectives of the policy are attained within the

Kindly read the instruction and follow it. read carefully and then Essay

Kindly read the instruction and follow it. read carefully and then start write the paper - Essay Example My mother took me to a therapist to help me deal with the pressure I was experiencing in school owing to the condition. Dealing with pressure however did not solve the underlying issues of how I felt about myself but workouts changed my life. Two years down the line, a friend suggested that I start working out to lose weight and this was the turning point and the beginning to finding solutions to the psychological torture I had undergone. At such a tender age, I enrolled in a certain fitness club in the neighborhoods and started exercising with the adults that were the majority members of the club. At the club, I met a friend who was two years older than I and this really inspired me and made me realize that I was not alone. My major goal was to lose weight and the instructor came up with a good plan that would enable me achieve my goal. The plan included my daily exercises, tasks and a diet plan that I would using from that time. It seemed quite had at the beginning and I never thought I would make it but with time I got used to the new lifestyle with workouts. Before joining the fitness club, I used to stroll with my mother every evening and considered that enough exercise for a day. However, when I joined the fitness club, my workout habits completely changed. Every morning before going to school, I would wake up and run for thirty minutes, which were the instructions from my instructor at the club. In the evening from school, I had to go straight to the gym where we engaged in various activities that could help individual lose weight. The kind of physical strain at the gym required perseverance and willingness to be there. The friend I met at the club and the instructor were the source of inspiration and they really made me put more efforts towards achieving the goal I desired. My diet and eating habits changed completely. I had to avoid eating specific types of food such as junk food. The instructions from my instructor

three strikes law is a strict mandatory life sentence

three strikes law is a strict mandatory life sentence These crimes include murder, robbery in which a deadly weapon was used, rape, or burglary. Differing opinions suggest that three strikes law is unfair and unjust because the law excessively affects African American and Latino men who have a higher representation throughout the criminal justice system. Others suggest that the three strikes law violates the Eighth Amendment of the Bill of Rights; because the law is unjust when convicted of a minor offense still count as a strike. I believe the three strikes law deters crime and future criminal behavior because it assembles the thought of facing tough consequences. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The three strikes law can be best understood within the neoclassical theoretical framework. The theoretical framework is a direct approach to policy making for the prevention and control of crime. It focuses on policies rather than crime causation and less concerned with finding causes of crime, along with finding what deters future criminal behavior. The neoclassical theoretical framework can be coupled with the specific and general deterrence theory. The specific deterrence theory emphasizes a point on the individual itself. The theory explains the discouragement of criminal behavior from future criminal acts by understanding the consequences. General deterrence theory concentrates on the prevention of crime by forging examples of distinguish criminal behavior. It exercises the public view to deter other individuals from committing the same crime. The experience is use to restrain others from perpetrating the same criminal acts. Schafers Argument: 3 Strikes as Deterrence The concept of deterrence is divided into two categories: general deterrence and specific. General deterrence takes place when potential offenders identify the consequences of other peoples actions and decide not to follow into their footsteps. Specific deterrence is triggered when offenders learn from their past. Schafer believes the three strikes laws often are seen as the answer to crime problems in America because it reduces crime either by throwing offenders in jail or deterring potential offenders from committing crimes. (p311) Schafer argues that three strikes law is an effective crime control policy that deters youthful offenders from becoming repeat offenders. In California, statistical evidence is provided by how crime has dropped 26.0 percent since 1994. (p 312) He then proceeds to contend on how juvenile offenders are more likely to be violent throughout their generation. The data he claims suggest that a small number of young offenders commit numerous unpunished crimes because the courts, especially the juvenile justice system, provide the offenders with countless second chances. The three strikes law would reinforce the motivation to change their criminal behavior because the juvenile justice systems do little to rehabilitate or deter young offenders from crime. (p 313) Schafer reinforces his argument by conducting a survey to measures the offenders experiences with the consequences of their crimes. The result of the survey concluded that, 61 percent of the offenders said they would not or probably would not commit a serious or violent crime if they knew their prison sentence would be doubled and 70 percent said that would not or probably would not commit the crime if they knew they would receive life in prison. (p 314) His survey demonstrated a deterrent effect from the root of the source. To conclude Schafers argument, he proved that offenders, who have repeated experiences with the criminal justice system, have learned through their consequences, and the rewards of the criminal act do not outweigh the consequences. Vitiellos Argument: 3 Strikes is not a Deterrent to Violent Crime Vitiello argues that three strikes law have no effect in reducing serious crime and the cost of the law is not beneficial to our society. Vitiello explains three strikes supporters argument is based on empirical data that defines the efficiency of the law. The efficiency of the law is supported by data that does not have a connection with the three strikes law. Reports from California prove that prior to the three strikes law, crime was already declining and after the three strikes, there were no drastic change in crime. Vitiello furthermore argues that when law makers were trying to measure the three strikes deterrent effect, they failed to find a marginal deterrent effect. There was a small change, but there was no significant explanation on the decline in the crime rate. The law itself is not helpful to the criminal justice system. Vitiello compared Californias and the nations crime rate average. He proved that Sectary of State Jones position on how California exceeding the declin e in crime nationwide, cuts both ways was false. The example given was that New Yorks policing polices had problems with crime during the 1990s, but it did not adapted the three strikes law; however, New York, had a higher decline in crime than California. Vitiello also reference the authors of Punishment and Democracy to support his position. The authors of Punishment and Democracy found that the decline in crime rate followed by the three strikes was not the cause of the decline, but the authors found that the decline in the crime rate preceded passage of the law. Even when the law was passed, there was not dramatic change because the crime rate stayed the same. The cause of the crime rate to be neutral was the decline that was operating prior to the passage of the law continued to be the primary reason for the drop in crime rates. Therefore, the three strikes play no role in the decline in crime rate. Overall, Vitiellos argument is based on empirical studies. His research found t hat California would have experience virtually the entire drop in crime without three strikes. ANAYLSIS: Schafers position on the three strikes law deters repeat offenders. Based on his studies, the evidence he provides concludes a convincing argument. Schafer explains how the concept of deterrence reflects on offenders and repeat offenders. Following by his survey, the results created a solid foundation for his argument. The whole idea of general deterrence is very effective. People are likely to commit a crime when the opportunity arises. If the consequence is tough they will be afraid to commit the crime. The creation of three strikes law is to put the fear in peoples mind to make them think twice about violating the law. All it takes a single thought about if its worth it or not. I see the specific deterrence theory as a way to deter repeat offenders. The three strikes helps fix the criminal justice system by putting those who choose to become repeat offenders to stay in jail. Most crimes today are from repeat offenders. From the Bureau of Justice Statistic Special Report, A 2002 st udy survey showed that among nearly 275,000 prisoners released in 1994, 67.5% were rearrested within 3 years, and 51.8% were back in prison. Explaining how more of our prisoners that get convicted are more likely to go back in prison. This is where the three strikes law takes place. We created a barrier for those offenders to think about what they are doing. We make them think about if its worth twenty five years to life. Another effective reason why three strikes is effective is because it targets repeat offenders who fail to change their criminal behavior after the second time. The mandatory twenty five years to life for third time offenders will put them away for a long time and it also keep them off the streets. This type of get tough law has done its part on reducing the crime rate throughout the nation. It serves as a deterrent and its the best weapon we got against repeat offenders. From Analysis of the California Attorney Generals Report, the drop in the crime rate that California has experiences since 1993 is drastically different from the first four year of 1990-1993 where the overall crime rate dropped only 2.4% and the violent crime rate increased 7.3%. When the three strikes law took effect, the crime rate dropped drastically to about 5 %. Some may argue that crime was reducing before the three strikes law. Data shows that crime was dropping before the law was passing, but when the law di d pass, it drastically declined boosting the drop further. Moreover, crime can be seen as a rational choice theory. The theory proposes that offenders measure the opportunities, cost, and benefits of particular crimes. (Hagan.2010. p 101) Hagan referenced Cornish and Clarkes (1986) rational choice theory by explaining how crime is a matter of situational choice and we need to increase the certainty and the severity of the punishment to exclude the temptation and the choice of criminal activity. Therefore, the three strikes law plays that role of decreasing the situational choice, so that crime cannot happen. The cost and benefit of the crime does not equal the punishment. In results, offenders are more likely to disregard criminal behavior because the three strikes law decreases the motivation to commit a crime. CONCLUSION: The three strikes law is used as deterrence. Many argue that its a waste of governments money. Some argue that its the best tool we got against repeat offenders. I personally feel that its the only defense we got against repeat offenders. The theory behind the law supports why the law would work. This law is based on human behavior. The human behavior based on learning from experience and making sure that experience was enough to deter the offender from committing the same act. The three strikes law revolves around the Neoclassical Theory and it deters repeat offenders.

Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five Essay -- Kurt Vonnegut Slaughterho

Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five Great artists have the ability to step back from society and see the absurd circus that their world has become. Such satirists use their creative work to reveal the comic elements of an absurd world and incite a change in society; examples include Stanley Kubrick’s film, Dr. Strangelove, and Joseph Heller’s novel, Catch-22. Both works rose above their more serious counterparts to capture the critical voice of a generation dissatisfied with a nation of warmongers. Completing this triumvirate of anti-war classics is Kurt Vonnegut’s novel, Slaughterhouse-Five. Infusing his social commentary with science fiction, satire, bizarre characters, and the problem of death, Vonnegut creates one of the most effective arguments against war in the American canon of literature. The life of Kurt Vonnegut began on November 11, 1922 in Indiana. He aged and entered school, picking up an affinity for the written word while editing his high school paper (Klinkowitz, â€Å"Chronology† 3). As he grew up, Vonnegut faced a nation rapidly changing under the burdens of the Depression. This economic disaster harmed Vonnegut’s family as well, causing his parents to make countless sacrifices to keep their family from crumbling under the pressure (Klinkowitz, â€Å"America† 8). Vonnegut survived the Depression to enroll at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where he majored in chemistry and biology. Three years into school he enlisted in the United States Army and fought in World War II. One year later Germans captured Vonnegut and held him as a prisoner of war in Dresden. He lived in this city for less than half a year before he survived the â€Å"boundless† â€Å"destruction† (Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five 22) caused by the D... ...uarterly 103 (1998): 17. Simpson, Josh. â€Å"’This Promising of Great Secrets’: Literature, Ideas, and the (Re)invention of Reality in Kurt Vonnegut’s God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater, Slaughterhouse-Five, and Breakfast of Champions.† Studies in Contemporary Fiction 45 (Spring 2004): 261-271. Infotrac Onefile. 28 Oct. 2004. . Tanner, Tony. â€Å"The Uncertain Messenger: A Reading of Slaughterhouse-Five.† Merrill 125-130. Vees-Gulani, Susanne. â€Å"Diagnosing Billy Pilgrim: A Psychiatric Approach to Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five.† Studies in Contemporary Fiction 44 (Winter 2003): 175-184. Infotrac Onefile. 28 Oct. 2004. . Vonnegut, Kurt. God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater or Pearls Before Swine. New York, NY: Dell Publishing, 1965. ---. Slaughterhouse-Five. New York, NY: Delta Fiction, 1969. Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five Essay -- Kurt Vonnegut Slaughterho Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five Great artists have the ability to step back from society and see the absurd circus that their world has become. Such satirists use their creative work to reveal the comic elements of an absurd world and incite a change in society; examples include Stanley Kubrick’s film, Dr. Strangelove, and Joseph Heller’s novel, Catch-22. Both works rose above their more serious counterparts to capture the critical voice of a generation dissatisfied with a nation of warmongers. Completing this triumvirate of anti-war classics is Kurt Vonnegut’s novel, Slaughterhouse-Five. Infusing his social commentary with science fiction, satire, bizarre characters, and the problem of death, Vonnegut creates one of the most effective arguments against war in the American canon of literature. The life of Kurt Vonnegut began on November 11, 1922 in Indiana. He aged and entered school, picking up an affinity for the written word while editing his high school paper (Klinkowitz, â€Å"Chronology† 3). As he grew up, Vonnegut faced a nation rapidly changing under the burdens of the Depression. This economic disaster harmed Vonnegut’s family as well, causing his parents to make countless sacrifices to keep their family from crumbling under the pressure (Klinkowitz, â€Å"America† 8). Vonnegut survived the Depression to enroll at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where he majored in chemistry and biology. Three years into school he enlisted in the United States Army and fought in World War II. One year later Germans captured Vonnegut and held him as a prisoner of war in Dresden. He lived in this city for less than half a year before he survived the â€Å"boundless† â€Å"destruction† (Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse-Five 22) caused by the D... ...uarterly 103 (1998): 17. Simpson, Josh. â€Å"’This Promising of Great Secrets’: Literature, Ideas, and the (Re)invention of Reality in Kurt Vonnegut’s God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater, Slaughterhouse-Five, and Breakfast of Champions.† Studies in Contemporary Fiction 45 (Spring 2004): 261-271. Infotrac Onefile. 28 Oct. 2004. . Tanner, Tony. â€Å"The Uncertain Messenger: A Reading of Slaughterhouse-Five.† Merrill 125-130. Vees-Gulani, Susanne. â€Å"Diagnosing Billy Pilgrim: A Psychiatric Approach to Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five.† Studies in Contemporary Fiction 44 (Winter 2003): 175-184. Infotrac Onefile. 28 Oct. 2004. . Vonnegut, Kurt. God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater or Pearls Before Swine. New York, NY: Dell Publishing, 1965. ---. Slaughterhouse-Five. New York, NY: Delta Fiction, 1969.